This book is a compendium of case studies in hematologic malignancies such as acute leukemias, myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms, chronic leukemias and multiple myeloma covering cytogenetics (karyotyping Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)) and molecular studies in detail. The first few chapters describe the methodology employed for karyotyping, FISH, and Real-Time PCR technology conducive to establishing these labs if required. Each case study is described in detail by including the patient’s clinical history, findings of peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate, and bone biopsy morphological details. This is then followed by flowcytometric immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular observations leading collectively to a final diagnosis, A discussion follows based on the relevance of this data in informing the prognosis, treatment response and survival in these patients. Additionally, this data serves as a key determinant for clinical decision-making involving evidence-based rational management of patients, including targeted therapy. Each case study is accompanied by black and white or color images as appropriate for better understanding. This book is a source of learning and a valuable read for clinical hematologists, hematopathologists, medical oncologists, residents, interns, DM Hematology students, and DNB Hematology students as well